Strategic Operational And Tactical Level Information Technology Essay

Strategic Operational And Tactical level development Technology renderIt is the combination of breeding Technology and people using it to carry out trading operations and management. In a erect sense it is frequently dropd with in people to assist info and technology. It is also key out to info and Communication Technology (ICT), which is utilise in organization, where people work with this to strengthener course bear ones. at that settle is a clear antithetical between cultivation arrangement, ICT and byp beat process. IT is completely different from development arranging, culture system consist of ICT component. In foundation system helps to control the exe garnishion of business process.Information system is a special quality of work system, which produces products or swear outs for customer, where human and machines perform work using ICT and resources. Information system train is to process information.Information system is a system which represents e ntropy and process as a form of social memory. Information system supports human decisiveness making and action.What is the role of Information remainss in todays competitive business environment on Strategic, Operational and Tactical level?Strategic LevelIS (Information system) supports business processes and operationsIS helps managers to execute their daily activities and functions properly, for exercising, in aver, creation of accounts, statement generation etc take place and IS helps managers control such(prenominal) activities with greater accuracy and in a timely manner with the help of softwargon.IS supports last making for managers and employeesIS takes data as input and then processes it to generate information simply defined as Input Process Information. This information is subroutine by the managers for the breakment of their organizations, for prototype, existing historical data some customers in bank gutter be break apartd by IS and important information f ecal matter be generated like bad customers and good customers, etc. This information can be used by managers turn deciding whether to approve loan for new customers or nonIS supports in making strategic decision for competitive wagesBy analyzing data collected from different sources, IS can provide valuable information such as which items to launch in which location so that the company can stick out advantage over their competitors using this information. IS can also help business houses in carrying out their business processes otherwise than their competitors.Operational LevelIS promises Operational excellence In order to arrive at higher profitability, businesses improve their operations efficiency. Managers founder use of IS in business operations to achieve higher levels of productiveness and efficiency. An excellent example is the use of the RetailLink system at Wal-Mart this system digitally links every one of the Wal-Marts stores with its suppliers the supplier is v aran the items and as soon as an item is purchased, the supplier knows that a replacement must be shipped to the shelf.IS helps crap new products, business models and services In firms, Information system is a critical tool in creating new services and products and new business models. Business models describe how the companies produce, deliver and sells a product or service to be successful. An example is Apple Inc it transformed an old business model which was based on its iPod technology platform that included iPod, iPhone and the iTunes music service.IS helps monitor increase Supplier/Customer intimacy When a customer is served well by a business, he normally responds by returning and purchasing more(prenominal) from the business this raises the profits and r eveues of the business. The more the business engages its suppliers, the better the suppliers atomic get along 18 able to provide vital inputs which in turn lowers costs. An example is the high-end hotel, Manhattans T he Mandarin Oriental and other such high-end hotels they illustrate the use of IS and technology to achieve better customer intimacy. They track guests preferences using computers, such as their preferred television programs, check-in times and room temperatures.Tactical LevelIS helps making better decisions Many managers operate in an information bank and they never have the relevant information at the right moment to thrust a intimate decision poor outcomes like these loose customers and raise costs. Managers can use real time data while making decisions IS allow managers to use real-time data from the marketplace while making decisions. An example is the Verizon Corporation, which uses a electronic network-based digital dashboard that gives managers accurate real-time information on customer complains and network performances. By using this information, managers can rapidly inform customers of the repair work, assign repair resources to the involved beas, and restore service promptly.Competitive advantage When the firms achieve the business objectives, for example, customer intimacy, operating(a) excellence, improved decision making, new services, products and business models, than it is well-nigh like that they have achieved a competitive advantage already. Accomplishing these things finer than their objects, responding to suppliers and customers in real time, charging little(prenominal) for premium products all add up to higher barters and profits. An example is the Toyota Production transcription which primarily focuses on organizing work to make continuous improvements, eliminating waste Toyota Production placement is based on what the customers really ordered.How are Information Systems transforming the operable areas of organizations?Computers are used for almost any task. We check email with it, keep abreast media, bank and more. Information is the life of organization, damaged or lost data can cause monetary loss, law suits, etc. Infor mation system contains hardware, bundle, data, applications, communication and people. It helps an organization to manage and secure its critical incorporate, customer and employee data. Information system improves work process and gives lot of other benefits. An example is the exertion Processing System (TPS) which is used in one functional area of a business it process routine legal proceeding more accurately and efficiently. TPS has umteen sub-species which are directly linked to their respective functional areas, for example, there is finance and accounting Systems for the functional areas of accounts and finance, Human Resource System for the Human Resource area, etc.Information System is different form other system because its purpose is to monitor and document the operations of other systems, we can also call it target system. For example, production activities would be the target system for a production plan information system, human resources would be the target syst em of a human resource information system. every(prenominal) reactive system has a sub system called Information system, whose purpose is to monitor and control system. designate 2There are many, many types of Information systems, but the most common ones are theseTransaction Processing System (TPS) Decision Support System (DSS) way Information System (MIS) Office mechanization System (OAS) Executive Information System (EIS) and Data Warehouses (DW).Transaction Processing System (TPS) TPS is a basic business system and it handles the tracking and processing of transactions. A transaction is simply an event which is of interest to the organization, for example, a railway booking system in which Booking, Cancellation, etc are all transactions or a sale at a store. TPS is very useful and has many functions and itServes the most elementary day-to-day activities of an organization.Is very oft crucial to the survival of the organizationUsually has high volumes of output and inputNeed s to be fault-tolerantSupports the operational level of the businessSupplies data for higher-level management decisionsCan have strategic consequences, for example, airline reservation systemDeals with well-structured processes.A Transaction processing system has many sub-species, some of which areSales and Marketing Systems These are systems that support the sales and marketing functions by easing the movement of services and goods from producers to customers. For example, a Stores sale system would automatically rule book and total purchase transactions and print out a packing hear this would improve customer service and maintain customer data.Manufacturing and Production systems These systems supply data to operate, control and monitor the production processes, such as shipping, receiving, purchasing, scheduling, engineering, resource management, quality control, etc. For example, a system in milling machinery that measures samples of products and gets information from that th en statistically analyses the samples and shows when the operators should take corrective action.Human Resource System These systems deal with performance evaluation, compensation, placement, career development and recruitment of the firms employees. Examples of HRS include training and skills, applicant tracking, personnel record keeping, positions, benefits.finance Accounting System These systems maintain records which concern the flow of funds in the firm and they also produce financial statements, such as income statements and balance sheets. E.g for General Ledger Budgeting, Billing Cost Accounting, Accounts Payable/ Receivable property management systems, payroll. These systems were among the earliest to be computerized. Examples of Financial systems are loan management, cash management, securities trading and check processing. focusing Information Systems (MIS) They assist lower management in problem solving and making decisions. MIS usually takes data from the transaction processing system and summarizes it into a series of management reports which are to be used by the middle management and operational supervisors. MIS is a set of information processing functions and queries should be handled by it as quickly as they arrive. Database is an important element of MIS. MIS simply provides managers with feedback on daily operations it also provides information and support for effective decision making. An example of MIS is an annual budgeting system.Decision Support System (DSS) DSS provides information, models or depth psychology tools to the senior managers and strategic management staff to help them make decisions. DSS are used for support of amorphous decisions and they are for analytical work mainly, for example, creating of what-if models using spreadsheets databases. An example job for a Decision Support System would be a 6 year operating plan.Office Automation Systems (OAS) They are used to improve the productivity of employees who need to proc ess data information for reducing paper warfare. For example, Microsoft Office XP improves the productivity of employees works in an office or system that allow employees to work from nucleotide or whilst on the move. OAS software tools are a lot integrated and are designed for flourishing operations (for example, a graph from a spreadsheet can be imported in the Word Processor).Executive Information System (EIS) Also cognise as Executive Support System (ESS) and it provides information to the executives in a readily accessible, interactive format. EIS (or ESS) usually allow summary of the entire organization and also allows drilling down to specific levels of detail. EIS also use data which is produced by ground level Transaction Processing System so the executives can elucidate an overview of the entire organization. EIS require extensive staff to operate and are very expensive to run and are used by top level (strategic) management.Data Warehouses System A Data Warehouse is a place where data is stored analysis, security and archival purposes. A data warehouse is usually either a single computer or a giant computer system formed by bind many computers together. Besides storing large amount of data, they must also possess the systems in place that would make it easy to access the data and use in day-to-day operations. It is also sometimes referred to be a major role player in DSS, or Decision Support System.How you identify the major support systems, and relate them to managerial functions?Support systems are Office Automation, Decisions Support Systems, Management Information system and TPS.Management Information system (MIS) generally takes the data from TPS (Transaction processing system) and summarizes it into a series of management reports, which are used by operational supervisors and also by the middle management.Decision-Support Systems are designed to help management make decisions, when there is uncertainty about the possible outcome. DSS ga ther relevant information with the help of tools and techniques and analyze the options and alternatives. DSS often create what-if models with the use of databases and spreadsheets.Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) helps business create and share information. This helps employees who creates and shares knowledge and expertise, which is shared in organization to create further commercial opportunities. KMS allows efficient categorization and distribution of knowledge. For example knowledge skill be in word documents, spreadsheets, power point or internet etc, to share KMS would use coaction system like intranet.Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) process routine transaction accurately and efficiently and businesses whitethorn have many TPS, for exampleInvoices are sent to customers using the Billing systemsSystems that calculate monthly and hebdomadary payroll and tax paymentsCalculations of raw materials using Production and purchasing systemsUsing Stock control systems to proce ss of all movement within the businessesOffice Automation Systems (OAP) improves the productivity of the employees that process data information. For example, Microsoft Office XP improves productivity of employees that work in an office or system that enable employees to work on the move or from home.Task 3Describe the tools and techniques provided by the Information Systems department and its relationship with end- users to solve the specific problems?The Information system department provides many different tools and techniques to solve problems and the main ones areData Warehouses Their main purpose is to establish a data storehouse that makes operational data accessible in a form which is readily acceptable for analytical processing activities like Decision Support or EIS. Data Warehouses have many different characteristics such as Organization (data are organized), Time Variant (data kept for 5-10 years so it can be used for forecasting and comparisons), Non-Volatility (data a re not updated once it has been entered in the warehouse), unanimity (data are coded in a consistent manner) and Client/Server (the data warehouse provides the end user an easy access to the data by using the clients/servers).How it solves problemsThe Data in the warehouses is organized for less cloudinessThe Data is stored for a long time, allows for forecasts and comparisonsTakes raw data and codes it in a consistent matter for easy analysisProvides the end user an easy access to its dataThe data warehouse uses a relational structureThe data are putd in one place, allows data to be r individuallyed quicklyWeb browsers can be used to allow end users to reach data easilyData exploit the process of analyzing data from different views and then summarizing it into useful information. Such information could be used to cut costs, raise revenue or both. For years, companies have used very powerful computers to sift through large volumes of supermarket scanner data and analyze market r esearch reports. Data Mining is currently being used in areas like Retailing and Sales, Banking, Insurance, Airlines, Health Care, Computer Software Hardware, etc.How it solves problemsData mining automates the process of discovering predictive information in very large databasesData mining tools identify previous incomprehensible patterns in just one stepCan operate on unprocessed or even unstructured information.Text Web Mining Text mining is the application of data mining to less structured text files. Web Mining are mining tools which can be used to analyze large amounts of data on the Web (like what customers are doing on the Internet).How it solves problemsGroups documents by common themes, making them easier to locate sortFinds the hidden content of documents and also additional useful relationshipsGeographic Information System (GIS) this is a computer-based system which is used for capturing, checking, storing, manipulating, integrating and displaying data using digitali zed maps.How it solves problemsEvery digital object or record has an identified geographical locationBranch performances can be monitored, analyzed and comparedVolume and traffic patterns of business activities can be monitoredGeographical area served by each Bank branch can be observed, to plan if new banks are needed or not.Data Visualization This is the presentation of data by technologies like digital images, graphical user interface, 3-d presentations and animations, geographical information systems, virtual reality, multidimensional graphs tables.How it solves problemsPresents many different kinds of data into a common, understandable way for better more accurate analysis reduces errors too. online Analytic Processing this is the technology that allows users of multidimensional databases to generate on-line comparative summaries of data and other analytical enquiries OLAP can also be integrated into corporate databases systems.How it solves problemsOLAP facilities allow mana gers and analysts to monitor the performance of the business or market.The end-results of OLAP technologies can be very simple (frequency tables, etc) to make the data practically easier to understand and analyze.How the Executives may use any alternative data/ information processing techniques to support the decision makingThis is a crucial step in making an effective decision. The more good options that you consider, the more inclusive your final decision will be.You force yourself to reach deeper and you look at problems via different angles, when you generate alternatives. By using the learning ability there must be other solutions out there, you have more chance to make the go around possible decision. If you havent got other reasonable alternatives, then theres not much of a decision to make at a lower place is a summary of some of the important techniques and tools to help teams develop good alternatives.Generating IdeasBrainstorming is possibly the most well known method for generating ideas.Reverse Brainstorming works in the same manner. But, it works by asking people to brainstorm of how to achieve the opposite result from the one required, and then simply reversing those actions.The Charette appendage is a systematic process and it gathers and develops ideas from many stakeholders.Crawford Slip Writing Technique generates ideas from a large number of people. This method is extremely effective and ensures that ideas from everyone are heard and weighed equally irrespective of the persons power in the organization. explore the AlternativesYou need to evaluate the risks and implications of each choice once you are completely satisfied that you have a good selection of realistic alternatives.RiskTheres almost always some degree of uncertainty in decision making process that may lead to risks, inevitably. You can determine if the risk is manageable of not simply by evaluating the risks involved with the options.Risk Analysis allows you to look at risk s impartially. It assess threats and evaluates the probability of events victorious place using a structured approach their management costs.ImplicationsYou can consider the potential consequences of each of your optionsSix Thinking Hats, after viewing the alternatives from 6 different perspectives, you can assess the consequences of a decision. adjoin Analysis, useful technique for brainstorming the unexpected outcomes that could mount from a decision.Choose the Best Alternative by and by assessing the different alternatives, the following step is choosing between them. The choice could be very obvious, but if it is not, then the tools on a lower floor will helpGrid Analysis (or decision matrix), is a very useful tool for this type of evaluation. It helps mould different factors in the process of decision making in a reliable way, because this tool is invaluable.Paired Comparison Analysis help decide the importance of differing factors and helps you compare factors that are for eign and decide which ones should influence your decision the most.Decision Trees are useful in deciding between options. These bring the probability of project failure/success in the decision making process and help you lay out the various options available to you.Task 4Information systems are make out of components that can be assembled in many different congurations resulting in a variety of information systems and applications, much as construction materials can be assembled to build different homes. The size and cost of a home depend on the purpose of the building, the availability of money, and constraints such as ecological and environmental legal requirements. right as there are many different types of houses, so there are many different types of information systems. We classify houses as single-family homes, apartments, townhouses, and cottages. Similarly, it is useful to classify information systems into groups that share similar characteristics. A classication such as th is may help in identifying systems, analyzing them, planning new Information Systems CongurationsOrganizations are made up of components such as divisions, departments, and work units, organized in hierarchical levels. For example, most organizations have functional departments, such as production and accounting, which report to plant management, which report to a division head. The divisions report to the corporate headquarters. Although some organizations have restructured themselves in innovative ways, such as those based on cross-functional teams, today the broad majority of organizations still have a traditional hierarchical structure. Thus, we can nd information systems construct for headquarters, for divisions, for the functional departments, for operating units, and even for individual employees. Such systems can stand alone, but usually they are inter joined. Typical information systems that follow the organizational structure are functional (departmental), enterprise-wid e, and inter-organizational. These systems are organized in a hierarchy in which each higher-level system consists of several (even many) systems from the level below it. A departmental system supports the functional areas in each company. At a higher level, the enterprise-wide system supports the entire company, and inter-organizational systems connect different companies.The major functional information systems are organized around the traditional departments- Finance IS Finance IS Accounting IS Accounting IS Human Resources Human Resources Corporate a System electronic Market Electronic Market Corporate B System Marketing IS Marketing IS Production IS Production IS administrative IS Administrative IS Corporate C System